2 days ago · Butch Pooch was the bodyguard of Calvin Candie, and the one who killed King Schultz. He was portrayed by James Remar who also played Ace Speck. Pooch was hired to serve as Calvin Candie's personal bodyguard and protector. He is always seen with a scowl on his face and frequently had at least one hand on …Jan 15, 2013 · That's a really interesting point. Again, if you want to give us your takeaway, what you took away after watching "Django Unchained" - and only people who've watched it, by the way - give us a ...Mar 11, 2024 · Django: Ο Τιμωρός (αγγλικά: Django Unchained) είναι αμερικανικό γουέστερν, παραγωγής 2012 σε σκηνοθεσία και σενάριο του Κουέντιν Ταραντίνο.Ο τίτλος και η τοποθεσία της ταινίας είναι εμπνευσμένα …2 Jan 2013 ... With his latest film, director Quentin Tarantino was inspired both by spaghetti Westerns and the drama of slavery and the Civil War.Dec 25, 2012 · Quentin Tarantino's Django Unchained follows Jamie Foxx's Django, a Black slave who is freed before becoming a bounty hunter. After meeting German dentist-turned-bounty-hunter Dr. King Schultz, Django sets off to free his wife from the cruel and charismatic plantation owner Calvin Candie. Christophe Waltz stars alongside Foxx, with Leonardo …Mar 14, 2021 · Django Unchained KKK Scene. He plays the KKK for comedy, and Django and Dr. Schultz dismantle the raid with ease. Django is never challenged by a worthy competitor, just a sea of dumb white slave owners. The gruesome visuals and horrible language give the impression that Django is a serious, intense, disturbing …2 days ago · Broomhilda von Shaft, also known as Hildi, is Django's wife and Calvin Candie's former slave. Broomhilda Von Shaft is the wife of Django and the former slave of Calvin Candie. Her former masters were German. Therefore, they gave her a German name and taught her to speak the language. When she is bought by the …Need a Django & Python development company in Berlin? Read reviews & compare projects by leading Python & Django development firms. Find a company today! Development Most Popular E...100 Black Coffins. Rick Ross. 1:15. Candie's entourage sets off again after Django pulls one of his Candie's men off his horse after antagonizing Django. Nicaragua (feat. Pat Metheny) Jerry Goldsmith. 1:25. They continue riding and arrive at the ranch after the 3 dogs kill the black man for running away from Mr. Candie.Sep 18, 2020 · Django Unchained had Jamie Foxx as the lead character, but he wasn’t the first option to play Django, and Will Smith was offered the role but turned it down. Quentin Tarantino has explored various genres throughout his career – from crime to martial arts films, and in 2012 he paid a visit to the world of western with …1 day ago · Django Unchained (which takes place in Deep South in the mid-1800s) not only features guns, shooting, killing, and spurting blood, but also horrible violence against slaves. Male slaves are forced to fight each other, breaking bones and bashing each other into a bloody pulp. A female slave is briefly tortured, and a male slave is ripped apart ...Jun 1, 2022 · 6. The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007) The style of the film is very much same as of Django unchained – Western. The film tells the story of the James Gang and specifically the fatal relationship between Jesse James and Robert Ford. The best thing in the film though is Roger …Na druhou stranu se na DJANGO UNCHAINED chci určitě podívat znovu a možná i přehodnotit. Nicméně doporučuji a mimo Waltze si určitě vychutnejte Samuela L. Jacksona, skutečně si nepamatuji kdy naposledy takhle exceloval! (29.01.2013) Reklama Tosim ...Django Unchained is a 2012 Hollywood movie depicting the story of a former slave turned freeman who just wants to get his wife back. He will stop at nothing to unite with his wife. A brilliant masterpiece of a movie. The gut-wrenching way in which slavery in past-America is depicted is simply awe-inspiring. Quentin Tarantino …19 Oct 2018 ... By Jackson Diianni Django Unchained (2012) gives us a superhero in place of a slave. It's a film that mocks racism, slavery and white ...Dec 24, 2012 · Django Unchained. Comedy-drama. Starring Jamie Foxx, Christoph Waltz, Leonardo DiCaprio, Samuel L. Jackson and Kerry Washington. Directed by Quentin Tarantino. (R. 165 minutes.) Quentin Tarantino ...Aug 5, 2021 · Frank Nero, The Original Django, Makes A Cameo In Quentin Tarantino’s Western Epic. Quentin Tarantino’s Django Unchained is a nearly three-hour tribute to the Spaghetti Westerns of the 1960s ... Stand up straight with your head up, and take a deep breath. Fill your lungs all the way. (Standing helps you get more air in your lungs.) Stand up straight with your head up, and ...Apr 8, 2013 · The wildly popular Django Unchained is the most talked about film of the last month, and aside from the controversy, it’s popular because of how badass Django is. However, nobody knew about the ...27 Dec 2012 ... Schultz, a non-racist non-bigot in a world where the “N word” is essentially used as the technical term for African-American people, hopes that ...10 Jan 2013 ... As a concept—down to her anachronistically processed hair—Broomhilda is simply an objet d'art, beautifully shot in certain scenes while subject ...At least until the Minions get their own collection. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from Money and its partners. I agree to Money's Terms of Us...Need a Django & Python development company in Berlin? Read reviews & compare projects by leading Python & Django development firms. Find a company today! Development Most Popular E...Jan 30, 2013 · January 30, 2013 5:27 pm. What was the deal with Zoe Bell ’s character in “ Django Unchained .”. The “ Death Proof ” actress had a small non-speaking role in Quentin Tarantino ’s ... Feb 17, 2024 · Best Django Unchained Quotes. 1. John Brittle: “I like the way you beg, boy.”. Django Freeman: “I like the way you die, boy.”. 2. “Now, as to you poor devils? So as I see it, when it comes to the subject of what to do next, you gentlemen have two choices.Apr 8, 2023 · The titular ex-slave in Django Unchained gives himself the name Django Freeman after being emancipated from the shackles of slavery. His name is taken from one of the most iconic franchises in the Spaghetti Western genre. The character is played by Jamie Foxx, one of Hollywood’s most prolific multi-hyphenate talents, having achieved …Published Oct 5, 2023. Django Unchained has an ending that begs to be explained. Here is a deep dive into Tarantino's complex tale of love, freedom, and redemption. Summary. …Feb 20, 2020 · What? Three stories? That’s right. Django Unchained ‘s story is broken into three acts: Django’s Revenge, Schultz’s Journey, and Django’s Journey. Once again, …Django Unchained (2012) Django Unchained, a film about a freed slave who works alongside a bounty hunter to capture evil slave owners, is a blunt portrayal of difference, power, and discrimination in the mid-1800s. Directed by Quentin Tarantino, it has many elements that are indicative of a Tarantino film, especially the extreme, over-the-top ...Nov 30, 2012 · Django Unchained - Christoph Waltz Blu-ray Interview. 2:11. Django Unchained - Blu-ray Trailer. 1:54. News: 70th Golden Globe Nominations Revealed. 1:13. Django Unchained - Getting Dirty. 1:29.Need a Django & Python development company in Dallas? Read reviews & compare projects by leading Python & Django development firms. Find a company today! Development Most Popular E...Jan 14, 2013 · Well, somebody’s clearly rattled his cage, because ‘Django Unchained’, for all its digressive, episodic and frequently ludicrous nature, is a blazing return to form.Jan 14, 2013 · At nearly three hours long, Django Unchained is as much about slavery as a spaghetti Western is about the realities of the American West. Slavery is little more than a backdrop, a plot device for ...Django Unchained. 2012 | Maturity Rating: 16 | 2h 45m | Western. Accompanied by a German bounty hunter, a freed slave named Django travels across America to free his wife from a sadistic plantation owner. Starring: Jamie Foxx, Christoph Waltz, Leonardo DiCaprio.Dec 30, 2012 · All in all, "Django Unchained" (rated R for strong graphic violence throughout, a vicious fight, language and some nudity) is the perfect holiday gift for the independent film lover.Dec 25, 2012 · Summary Django is a slave whose brutal history with his former owners lands him face-to-face with German-born bounty hunter Dr. King Schultz. Schultz is on … In 1858, Django ( Jamie Foxx ), a slave, is chained to a bunch of other slaves and being marched to his new owner's estate in Texas by the Speck brothers. At nightfall, a German man in a dentist cart pulls up and hails the Speck brothers. He introduces himself as Dr. King Schultz ( Christoph Waltz ). Dec 25, 2012 · Quentin Tarantino's Django Unchained follows Jamie Foxx's Django, a Black slave who is freed before becoming a bounty hunter. After meeting German dentist-turned-bounty-hunter Dr. King Schultz, Django sets off to free his wife from the cruel and charismatic plantation owner Calvin Candie. Christophe Waltz stars alongside Foxx, with Leonardo DiCaprio, Samuel L. Jackson, and Kerry Washington ... Django Unchained - Apple TV. Available on STARZ, Philo, Prime Video, iTunes, Hulu, Sling TV. Django is a freed slave, who, under the tutelage of a German bounty hunter, becomes a bad-ass bounty hunter himself. After taking down some bad guys for profit, they track down Django's slave wife and liberate her from an evil plantation owner. Django Unchained: Directed by Quentin Tarantino. With Jamie Foxx, Christoph Waltz, Leonardo DiCaprio, Kerry Washington. With the help of a German bounty-hunter, a freed slave sets out to rescue his wife from a brutal plantation owner in Mississippi. Dec 25, 2012 · 被解救的姜戈 Django Unchained (2012) 导演: 昆汀·塔伦蒂诺. 编剧: 昆汀·塔伦蒂诺. 主演: 杰米·福克斯 / 莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥 / 克里斯托弗·瓦尔兹 / 塞缪尔·杰克逊 / …Apr 8, 2013 · The wildly popular Django Unchained is the most talked about film of the last month, and aside from the controversy, it’s popular because of how badass Django is. However, nobody knew about the ...Django Unchained: Directed by Quentin Tarantino. With Jamie Foxx, Christoph Waltz, Leonardo DiCaprio, Kerry Washington. With the help of a German bounty-hunter, a freed slave sets out to rescue his wife …Need a Django & Python development company in Berlin? Read reviews & compare projects by leading Python & Django development firms. Find a company today! Development Most Popular E...Need a Django & Python development company in Berlin? Read reviews & compare projects by leading Python & Django development firms. Find a company today! Development Most Popular E...Aug 5, 2021 · Frank Nero, The Original Django, Makes A Cameo In Quentin Tarantino’s Western Epic. Quentin Tarantino’s Django Unchained is a nearly three-hour tribute to the Spaghetti Westerns of the 1960s ... Dec 24, 2012 · Django Unchained. Comedy-drama. Starring Jamie Foxx, Christoph Waltz, Leonardo DiCaprio, Samuel L. Jackson and Kerry Washington. Directed by Quentin Tarantino. (R. 165 minutes.) Quentin Tarantino ...Written and directed by Quentin Tarantino and featuring an award-winning cast, Jamie Foxx stars as Django a slave who teams up with bounty hunter Dr. King Schultz (Christoph Waltz) to seek out the … 54. Django Unchained (2012) Django Unchained, a film about a freed slave who works alongside a bounty hunter to capture evil slave owners, is a blunt portrayal of difference, power, and discrimination in the mid-1800s. Directed by Quentin Tarantino, it has many elements that are indicative of a Tarantino film, especially the extreme, over-the ... 30 Dec 2012 ... A row of white women sitting in front of me broke into applause as Django blew away the white mistress of the plantation who was [sic] sort of ...Django Unchained. When Calvin Candie ( Leonardo DiCaprio) smashes his hand on the dinner-table, DiCaprio did accidentally crush a small stemmed glass with his palm and did really begin to bleed. He ignored it, stayed in character, and continued with the scene.Dec 25, 2012 · Summary. Set in the South two years before the Civil War, Django Unchained stars Academy Award-winner Jamie Foxx as Django, a slave whose brutal history with his former owners lands him face-to ... Dec 11, 2012 · ‘Django Unchained’: Film Review. Christoph Waltz, Jamie Foxx and Leonardo DiCaprio star in Quentin Tarantino's revenge saga mostly set in the Deep South just before the Civil War.Jan 5, 2012 · Django is taken under the bounty hunter’s wing, and learns the skills required to become a fully paid-up badass. Newly versed in the ways of the gunslinger, Django heads for the plantation of an ...There’s a new bonus of $500 for the Total Business Checking account. The requirements are fairly easy and you can do it online. Increased Offer! Hilton No Annual Fee 70K + Free Nig... Django Unchained is a 2012 film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino (his seventh film overall). While it's in the style of a Spaghetti Western (paying particular homage to the 1966 film Django) and has the thematic drive associated with the "revisionist" side of the genre, Tarantino calls it a "Southern" because it is set in the Deep ... Watch Django Unchained (2012), a thrilling and violent adventure of a former slave and a bounty hunter who seek to free his wife from a brutal plantation owner. Enjoy this acclaimed film by Quentin Tarantino for free on Tubi, the streaming service with thousands of movies and TV shows. Řekněme, že do přibližně 140minuty bych 5 hvězdiček nechal, ale zbytek už považuju trochu za podpásovku. Na druhou stranu se na DJANGO UNCHAINED chci určitě podívat znovu a možná i přehodnotit. Nicméně doporučuji a mimo Waltze si určitě vychutnejte Samuela L. Jacksona, skutečně si nepamatuji kdy naposledy takhle exceloval! Need a Django & Python development company in Berlin? Read reviews & compare projects by leading Python & Django development firms. Find a company today! Development Most Popular E...Jan 4, 2013 · Django Unchain my heart (and set me free) Jim Emerson January 04, 2013. Tweet. Quentin Tarantino has found his actor in Christoph Waltz -- someone who can …27 Dec 2012 ... Schultz, a non-racist non-bigot in a world where the “N word” is essentially used as the technical term for African-American people, hopes that ...19 Oct 2018 ... By Jackson Diianni Django Unchained (2012) gives us a superhero in place of a slave. It's a film that mocks racism, slavery and white ...19 Oct 2018 ... By Jackson Diianni Django Unchained (2012) gives us a superhero in place of a slave. It's a film that mocks racism, slavery and white ...Cast. Jamie Foxx Christoph Waltz Leonardo DiCaprio Kerry Washington Samuel L. Jackson Walton Goggins Dennis Christopher James Remar David Steen Dana Gourrier Nichole Galicia Laura Cayouette Ato Essandoh … 54. Django Unchained (2012) Django Unchained, a film about a freed slave who works alongside a bounty hunter to capture evil slave owners, is a blunt portrayal of difference, power, and discrimination in the mid-1800s. Directed by Quentin Tarantino, it has many elements that are indicative of a Tarantino film, especially the extreme, over-the ... A group of Singaporean government agencies is launching a new research program for blockchain technology with $12 million SGD (about $8.9 million USD) in funding. Called the Singap...27 Dec 2012 ... Schultz, a non-racist non-bigot in a world where the “N word” is essentially used as the technical term for African-American people, hopes that ...Dec 11, 2012 · ‘Django Unchained’: Film Review. Christoph Waltz, Jamie Foxx and Leonardo DiCaprio star in Quentin Tarantino's revenge saga mostly set in the Deep South just before the Civil War. Django Unchained is a 2012 film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino (his seventh film overall). While it's in the style of a Spaghetti Western (paying particular homage to the 1966 film Django) and has the thematic drive associated with the "revisionist" side of the genre, Tarantino calls it a "Southern" because it is set in the Deep ... 19 Oct 2018 ... By Jackson Diianni Django Unchained (2012) gives us a superhero in place of a slave. It's a film that mocks racism, slavery and white ...Watch Django Unchained, a thrilling and violent adventure of a freed slave and a bounty hunter in the antebellum South. This Prime Video features an all-star cast, including Jamie Foxx, Christoph Waltz, Leonardo DiCaprio, and Samuel L. Jackson. Don't miss this epic and award-winning film by Quentin Tarantino.1 Jan 2013 ... we meet Quentin Tarantino , Jamie Foxx , Christoph Waltz , Don Johnson , Leonardo DiCaprio , Samuel L. Jackson , Kerry Washington , Jonah ...May 13, 2013 · Freeman:《Django Unchained》. 《被解救的姜戈》终于复映了，我这篇放了半年终于可以PO了。. 小标题是后加的（因为篇幅太长），有能力阅读长文的朋友可以忽略之。. 1、上也Quentin，下也Quentin. 熟悉Quentin Tarantino的观众不难看出，《Django Unchained》在Quentin一贯的暴力 ...28 Oct 2022 ... Samuel L. Jackson discusses his relationship with Quentin Tarantino and reflects on his role in “Django Unchained.Feb 1, 2024 · Django Unchained is a 2012 film about a black slave, freed by a German bounty hunter, goes on a mission with the bounty hunter to rescue his wife in the Antebellum era of the Deep South and Old West . Written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. Life, liberty and the pursuit of vengeance. ( taglines) Jan 1, 2012 · In pure Tarantino form, he opens with Luis Bacalov’s “Django” from the 1966 exploitation film of the same name. It plays like an Elvis impersonator singing over a spaghetti western song. But more importantly, it lets fans know exactly where the inspiration for Django Unchained came from. Following this with a tense Ennio Morricone ...That's why we, uh, we run off.”. Christoph Waltz - Dr. King Schultz. Jamie Foxx - Django. [Tag: marriage, slavery ] more on this quote ››. “- Calvin Candie: I've heard tell about you. I heard you been telling everybody them mandingos ain't no damn good, ain't nothing nobody is selling is worth buying - I'm curious.Django Unchained. 2012 | Maturity Rating: 16+ | 2h 45m | Western. Accompanied by a German bounty hunter, a freed slave named Django travels across America to free his wife from a sadistic plantation owner. Starring: Jamie Foxx, Christoph Waltz, Leonardo DiCaprio.Jun 22, 2022 · The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly (1966) The third and final entry in the Dollars trilogy, The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly, is one of the only spaghetti westerns to receive any praise or recognition from the kind of film scholars who usually look down their nose at violent, action-packed movies. Like Django …Jan 18, 2013 · Django Unchained both entertains and emotionally unnerves you in a way that only a Quentin Tarantino film can achieve. But, unlike Inglorious Basterds, which softens racial subject matter by ... Inspired by Quentin Tarantino. Encouraged by David Stern, James Parks, Michael Bowen, Robert Carradine (as Bobby Carradine), Zoë Bell, Jake Garber. Written by Ted Neeley. Performed by Ted Neeley, Bruce Yauger (as Bruce Landon Yauger) Nicaragua. Written and Performed by Jerry Goldsmith. Jan 28, 2013 · Photo: PAUL BRUINOOGE/Patrick McMullan. Any Quentin Tarantino fan worth her salt can tell you that Amber Tamblyn played Daughter of a Son of a Gunfighter in Django Unchained, and her dad, Son of a ...Dec 11, 2020 · One of DiCaprio's most recognizable movie roles ever was from only a few years before Django Unchained in Christopher Nolan's high-concept heist thriller, Inception, and this meme does …Jan 4, 2013 · Few in "Django Unchained" get the opportunity to make much of an impression, with the obvious major exceptions -- Dr. King Schultz (Waltz), Django , Candie (Leonardo DiCaprio) and Stephen (Samuel L. Jackson). It's not the choppiness of the filmmaking and storytelling that bugs me so much (more about that later), but that the characters are ... Mar 10, 2024 · The film stars Jamie Foxx as Django Freeman, a slave who is liberated by a bounty hunter named Dr. King Shultz ( Christoph Waltz) in order to track down and … Written and directed by Quentin Tarantino and featuring an award-winning cast, Jamie Foxx stars as Django a slave who teams up with bounty hunter Dr. King Schultz (Christoph Waltz) to seek out the South's most wanted criminals with the promise of Django's freedom. Honing vital hunting skills, his one goal is to find and rescue the wife (Kerry Washington) he lost to the slave trade long ago ... Django Unchained -Giải Cứu Nô Lệ Phụ đề đa ngôn ngữ tại https://fsharetv.com | Một nha sĩ người Đức mua sự tự do của một nô lệ và huấn luyện anh ta với ý định biến anh ta thành thợ săn tiền thưởng. Thay vào đó, anh ta được dẫn đến địa điểm của người vợ nô lệ thuộc về một chủ đồn điền tàn nhẫn.Jan 17, 2013 · Leonardo DiCaprio and Jamie Foxx in Django Unchained. There is violence throughout, not all of it physical: the N-word is drawled and snarled perhaps hundreds of times, although in a neat twist ...Dec 25, 2012 · 被解救的姜戈 Django Unchained (2012) 导演: 昆汀·塔伦蒂诺. 编剧: 昆汀·塔伦蒂诺. 主演: 杰米·福克斯 / 莱昂纳多·迪卡普里奥 / 克里斯托弗·瓦尔兹 / 塞缪尔·杰克逊 / …
Two years before the Civil War, Django (Jamie Foxx), a slave, finds himself accompanying an unorthodox German bounty hunter named Dr. King Schultz (Christoph Waltz) on a …. Les mills plus
Django Unchained. Written and directed by Quentin Tarantino and featuring an award-winning cast, Jamie Foxx stars as Django a slave who teams up with bounty hunter Dr. …Between its street-art scene, dive-bar music venues, and its own arts-focused hashtag, Atlanta is steering the creative movement like nowhere else. ATLANTA’S CREATIVE SCENE is expl...Dec 26, 2021 · Django. Unchained. 2012. Blu Ray. 1080p.x 264 Video Item Preview play8?>> remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. Share to Twitter. Share to Facebook. Share to Reddit. Share to Tumblr. Share to Pinterest. Share to Popcorn Maker. Share via email. EMBED. EMBED (for ...Need a Django & Python development company in Istanbul? Read reviews & compare projects by leading Python & Django development firms. Find a company today! Development Most Popular...Dec 25, 2012 · Django is a slave whose brutal history with his former owners lands him face-to-face with German-born bounty hunter Dr. King Schultz. Schultz is on the trail of the murderous Brittle brothers, and only Django can lead him to his bounty. The unorthodox Schultz acquires Django with a promise to free him upon the capture of the Brittles – dead or alive. (The Weinstein Company) Oct 24, 2022 · Django Unchained Ending Explained: Subverting That White Savior Trope. Sony Pictures. By Michael Boyle / Oct. 23, 2022 5:30 pm EST. "Django Unchained" isn't …Dec 25, 2012 · “Django Unchained becomes an almost sadistically literal example of exploitation at its most unironic,” concludes Gleiberman, and I’m hard-pressed to put a finer point on the matter. Elevate family time with our parent-friendly entertainment reviews! The Plugged In Podcast has in-depth conversations on the latest movies, video games ...Dec 26, 2021 · Django. Unchained. 2012. Blu Ray. 1080p.x 264 Video Item Preview play8?>> remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. Share to Twitter. Share to Facebook. Share to Reddit. Share to Tumblr. Share to Pinterest. Share to Popcorn Maker. Share via email. EMBED. EMBED (for ...Jan 18, 2013 · Django Unchained both entertains and emotionally unnerves you in a way that only a Quentin Tarantino film can achieve. But, unlike Inglorious Basterds, which softens racial subject matter by ...2 Jan 2013 ... With his latest film, director Quentin Tarantino was inspired both by spaghetti Westerns and the drama of slavery and the Civil War.Cast. Jamie Foxx Christoph Waltz Leonardo DiCaprio Kerry Washington Samuel L. Jackson Walton Goggins Dennis Christopher James Remar David Steen Dana Gourrier Nichole Galicia Laura Cayouette Ato Essandoh …Mar 12, 2024 · Django Unchained adalah film drama kriminal thriller Amerika Serikat tahun 2012 yang disutradarai oleh Quentin Tarantino dan diproduseri oleh Reginald Hudlin, Stacy Sher dan Pilar Savone.Naskah film ini ditulis oleh Quentin Tarantino. Film ini dibintangi oleh Jamie Foxx, Christoph Waltz, Leonardo DiCaprio, Kerry Washington, Samuel L. Jackson …Jan 17, 2013 · Miami Vice (2006) Foxx reunited with Mann for a lush big-screen treatment of the 80s TV show about two roguish cops patrolling the art-deco seafront. Quentin Tarantino would go on to cast Foxx ...A group of Singaporean government agencies is launching a new research program for blockchain technology with $12 million SGD (about $8.9 million USD) in funding. Called the Singap...With Tenor, maker of GIF Keyboard, add popular Django Unchained animated GIFs to your conversations. Share the best GIFs now >>>24 Jan 2013 ... ...But at least the Anti-White actors and film crew seemed to enjoy the black-on-white violence. Django Unchained is almost guaranteed to cause ....